Ritchie Boy Interviews: Difference between revisions

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== Watch by soldier ==

Soldiers with more than one video are grouped. Lerner ~~appears in four talks~~.

Soldiers with more than one video are grouped. Fairbrook and Lerner share one joint interview and each also has solo recordings.

{| class="wikitable yt-watch-index"

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|-

| [[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]]

| ~~1 interview~~: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club]]

| 2 interviews: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club (with Maximilian Lerner)]] · [[#Paul Fairbrook (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Fields, Fred D. (32878282)|Fred Fields]]

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| [[Kaufmann, Ellen J. (A206769)|Ellen J. Kaufmann / Ellen Kaufmann Boucher]]

| 1 interview: [[#Ellen Kaufmann Boucher|Canandaigua cable interview (1995)]]

|-

| [[Kosse, Gunter (32712417)|Gunter Kosse]]

| 1 interview: [[#Gunter Kosse (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Lerner, Maximilian (32908439)|Maximilian Lerner]]

| 4 interviews: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (American Veterans Center)|American Veterans Center]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (David S. Frey)|Interview with David S. Frey]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (Museum of Jewish Heritage)|Museum of Jewish Heritage]]

| 4 interviews: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club (with Paul Fairbrook)]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (American Veterans Center)|American Veterans Center]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (David S. Frey)|Interview with David S. Frey]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (Museum of Jewish Heritage)|Museum of Jewish Heritage]]

|-

| [[Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)|Gerald Lieberman]]

| 1 interview: [[#Gerald Lieberman (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Michel, Werner E. (01329861)|Werner E. Michel]]

| 1 interview: [[#Werner E. Michel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Miller, Albert W. (35799290)|Albert Miller]]

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| [[Musch, Warren R. (289011)|Warren Musch]]

| 1 interview: [[#Warren Musch|EF Explore America]]

|-

| [[Norton, Henry (01183147)|Henry Norton]]

| 1 interview: [[#Henry Norton (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Potash, Robert A. (31224431)|Robert A. Potash]]

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| [[Schifter, Richard (32966898)|Richard Schifter]]

| 1 interview: [[#Richard Schifter|American Veterans Center]]

|-

| [[Schwarz, Walter (31189305)|Walter Schwarz]]

| 1 interview: [[#Walter Schwarz (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Shehab, Alfred H. M. (01012319)|Alfred Shehab]]

| 1 interview: [[#Alfred Shehab|American Veterans Center]]

|-

| [[Stern, Guy (37413105)|Guy Stern]]

| 1 interview (2 parts): [[#Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)|Ernest Wachtel]]

| 1 interview: [[#Ernest Wachtel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]

|-

| [[Weisgall, Hugo D. (13072714)|Hugo D. Weisgall]]

| 1 interview: [[#Hugo D. Weisgall|Milken Archive oral history]]

|-

|}

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=== Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner ===

We welcome two Ritchie Boys to the Veterans Breakfast Club: [[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]] and [[Lerner, Maximilian (32908439)|Maximilian Lerner]]. We’re also joined by Beverley Eddy, author of ''Ritchie Boy Secrets'', which tells the story of this now declassified program. Maximilian Lerner immigrated from Vienna to New York in 1941, then enlisted in the US Army and went back to Europe as an American soldier in 1944. He was recruited into the Office of Strategic Services as a special agent for secret missions in Germany. Paul Fairbrook used a valuable stamp collection to make it to the US from Berlin in the late 1930s before being drafted into the Army and trained at Camp Ritchie, Maryland. He also served in Europe overseeing interrogations and review of captured German documents. Beverley Eddy is a historian and author of ''Ritchie Boy Secrets: How a Force of Immigrants and Refugees Helped Win World War II.'' She will guide the conversation with our veterans about this fascinating story.

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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9hoHqwaD5g Open on YouTube]

* ''Video by Veterans Breakfast Club / Paul Fairbrook, Maximilian Lerner & Dr. Beverley Eddy''

</div>

=== Paul Fairbrook (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]] was born Paul Schoenbach in Berlin in 1923. His family left Germany for Palestine in 1933 and reached the United States after a 1937 transit through Amsterdam secured with a stamp collection. Drafted in January 1943, he trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] in [[Class 7]] and worked at Fort Hunt’s P.O. Box 1142 documenting the German Army order of battle. After the war he led food-service programs at the Culinary Institute of America and several universities.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his emigration, Camp Ritchie training, Fort Hunt document work, and postwar career.

'''Appears:''' [[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwstO3ARxUI Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwstO3ARxUI Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=9cdd6950-1786-4b9e-b3b0-d2b85025df94 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 419)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Paul Fairbrook (OHV 419, July 22, 2011)''

</div>

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'''Appears:''' [[Potash, Robert A. (31224431)|Robert A. Potash]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://~~www.yiddishbookcenter~~.org/~~collections~~/~~oral-histories/interviews/woh-fi-0000241/robert-a-potash-2012~~ Listen ~~/ watch~~ on ~~the Yiddish Book Center~~]</p>

<p class="ia-embed-fallback">[https://archive.org/details/RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter Listen on Internet Archive]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/oral-histories/interviews/woh-fi-0000241/robert-a-potash-2012 Open on Yiddish Book Center]

* [https://archive.org/details/RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter Open on Internet Archive]

* [https://archive.org/download/RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter/Au241-robertPotash-FullInterviewAudioOnly.mp3 Download MP3 (Internet Archive)]

* ''Oral history by Yiddish Book Center / Robert A. Potash (13 January 2012; interviewer Allie Brudney)''

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* [https://milken.aviaryplatform.com/r/n872v2d384 Open on Milken Archive Aviary]

* ''Oral history by Milken Archive of Jewish Music / Hugo Weisgall (31 May 1995)''

</div>

=== Gunter Kosse (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Kosse, Gunter (32712417)|Gunter Kosse]] was born in Berlin in 1922. After Kristallnacht his father fled to Cuba; Gunter and his mother followed in 1939, then the family reached New York in 1940. Drafted in 1943, he trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] ([[Class 9]]) and later served with IPW Team 4 of the 8th Infantry Division. Near war’s end he interpreted at Nuremberg discovery interrogations of Kaltenbrunner, Sauckel, and Frick.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his escape route, Ritchie training, combat interrogations, Nuremberg work, and long Defense Department career.

'''Appears:''' [[Kosse, Gunter (32712417)|Gunter Kosse]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1Ba0buAA0c Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1Ba0buAA0c Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=0d063378-8950-42c1-9c21-4e80d4ba830f Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 416)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Gunter Kosse (OHV 416, July 22, 2011)''

</div>

=== Gerald Lieberman (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)|Gerald “Jerry” Lieberman]] (born Gerhard) left Munich after Kristallnacht, when his father Leo was briefly held at Dachau. The family reached the United States via the Dominican Republic. A [[Class 10]] Ritchie Boy, he interrogated with the 3rd Infantry Division from Anzio into southern France, earned a Purple Heart, and later served with the 10th Mountain Division.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his Munich youth, Camp Ritchie training, Mediterranean and European interrogations, and postwar business life.

'''Appears:''' [[Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)|Gerald Lieberman]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTIcyZZIBXQ Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTIcyZZIBXQ Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=0b0e7c90-a9e7-4767-b507-cf4e968ddbb9 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 415)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Gerald Lieberman (OHV 415, July 24, 2011)''

</div>

=== Werner E. Michel (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Michel, Werner E. (01329861)|Werner E. Michel]] left Landau for St. Louis in 1936 at age twelve; his father later perished at Auschwitz. After Fort Knox and Fort Benning OCS he trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] and commanded IPW Team 270 with the 9th Infantry Division, including Malmedy-related interrogations and undercover CIC work in Bavaria. He later rose to colonel and Defense Intelligence Inspector General.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his immigration, Ritchie training, occupation interrogations, and postwar intelligence career.

'''Appears:''' [[Michel, Werner E. (01329861)|Werner E. Michel]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtfVEo05stI Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtfVEo05stI Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=651c5835-f6b1-4e81-8dac-d73dd7bac3af Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 414)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Werner E. Michel (OHV 414, July 25, 2011)''

</div>

=== Henry Norton (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Norton, Henry (01183147)|Henry Norton]] (born Heinrich Julius Nussenbaum in Bautzen) came alone to Rochester, New York, in 1937. An artillery officer before [[Camp Ritchie]], he interrogated with the 88th Infantry Division in Italy, later served in Fifth and Seventh Army G-2, and helped contact German rocket scientists near war’s end. He received the Bronze Star and afterward practiced law in Miami.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his family’s fate, combat interrogations in Italy and France, and postwar life.

'''Appears:''' [[Norton, Henry (01183147)|Henry Norton]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQT8VUiQwwM Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQT8VUiQwwM Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=7b31595b-8ddf-4c7e-9a5e-85122623caa2 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 417)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Henry Norton (OHV 417, July 25, 2011)''

</div>

=== Walter Schwarz (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Schwarz, Walter (31189305)|Walter Schwarz]] was born in Timișoara, Romania, in 1921 and reached the United States in March 1940. After long training at [[Camp Ritchie]] ([[Class 20]]) he served as a technical sergeant interrogator with Third Army through the Saar, the Battle of the Bulge, and into Czechoslovakia.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his Romanian youth, Ritchie training, European interrogations, and postwar textile career.

'''Appears:''' [[Schwarz, Walter (31189305)|Walter Schwarz]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97EFKeyfgJU Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97EFKeyfgJU Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=c9b7dbbb-8dd7-466f-9403-c8fe6399b41e Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 413)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Walter Schwarz (OHV 413, July 24, 2011)''

</div>

=== Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Stern, Guy (37413105)|Guy Stern]] (born Günther Stern in Hildesheim) reached St. Louis in 1937; his parents and siblings were later murdered in the Holocaust. A [[Class 8]] Ritchie Boy and master sergeant, he interrogated from Normandy through the Bulge, earned the Bronze Star, and afterward became a German-literature scholar and Holocaust Center leader in Michigan.

This November 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history (two parts) covers his Hildesheim youth, immigration, wartime intelligence service, and academic career.

'''Appears:''' [[Stern, Guy (37413105)|Guy Stern]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0Dl4T3RJM Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1P87ezHg_0 Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0Dl4T3RJM Open on YouTube]

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1P87ezHg_0 Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=42e71bd5-27f8-4aaf-b402-d0e47d079916 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 402)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Guy Stern (OHV 402, November 16, 2011)''

</div>

=== Ernest Wachtel (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===

[[Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)|Ernest Wachtel]] left Vienna for France in 1938 and reached New York alone in July 1938; his parents followed to a New Jersey chicken farm beside Camp Kilmer. After University of Kentucky topography training he went to [[Camp Ritchie]] and served with IPW Team 62 of Patton’s Third Army from Omaha Beach into Germany, including aid to Dachau survivors after liberation.

This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his Vienna escape, Ritchie service, Third Army interrogations, and postwar life.

'''Appears:''' [[Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)|Ernest Wachtel]]

<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb9dKXmmJiM Watch on YouTube]</p>

</div>

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb9dKXmmJiM Open on YouTube]

* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=370e404e-16b9-469f-bff7-559f799e945f Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 418)]

* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]

* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Ernest Wachtel (OHV 418, July 24, 2011)''

</div>

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 == Watch by soldier ==
-Soldiers with more than one video are grouped. Lerner appears in four talks.
+Soldiers with more than one video are grouped. Fairbrook and Lerner share one joint interview and each also has solo recordings.
 {| class="wikitable yt-watch-index"
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 |-
 | [[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]]
-| 1 interview: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club]]
+| 2 interviews: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club (with Maximilian Lerner)]] · [[#Paul Fairbrook (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
 |-
 | [[Fields, Fred D. (32878282)|Fred Fields]]
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 | [[Kaufmann, Ellen J. (A206769)|Ellen J. Kaufmann / Ellen Kaufmann Boucher]]
 | 1 interview: [[#Ellen Kaufmann Boucher|Canandaigua cable interview (1995)]]
+|-
+| [[Kosse, Gunter (32712417)|Gunter Kosse]]
+| 1 interview: [[#Gunter Kosse (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
 |-
 | [[Lerner, Maximilian (32908439)|Maximilian Lerner]]
-| 4 interviews: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (American Veterans Center)|American Veterans Center]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (David S. Frey)|Interview with David S. Frey]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (Museum of Jewish Heritage)|Museum of Jewish Heritage]]
+| 4 interviews: [[#Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner|Veterans Breakfast Club (with Paul Fairbrook)]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (American Veterans Center)|American Veterans Center]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (David S. Frey)|Interview with David S. Frey]] · [[#Maximilian Lerner (Museum of Jewish Heritage)|Museum of Jewish Heritage]]
+|-
+| [[Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)|Gerald Lieberman]]
+| 1 interview: [[#Gerald Lieberman (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
+|-
+| [[Michel, Werner E. (01329861)|Werner E. Michel]]
+| 1 interview: [[#Werner E. Michel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
 |-
 | [[Miller, Albert W. (35799290)|Albert Miller]]
@@ Line 59: / Line 68: @@
 | [[Musch, Warren R. (289011)|Warren Musch]]
 | 1 interview: [[#Warren Musch|EF Explore America]]
+|-
+| [[Norton, Henry (01183147)|Henry Norton]]
+| 1 interview: [[#Henry Norton (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
 |-
 | [[Potash, Robert A. (31224431)|Robert A. Potash]]
@@ Line 68: / Line 80: @@
 | [[Schifter, Richard (32966898)|Richard Schifter]]
 | 1 interview: [[#Richard Schifter|American Veterans Center]]
+|-
+| [[Schwarz, Walter (31189305)|Walter Schwarz]]
+| 1 interview: [[#Walter Schwarz (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
 |-
 | [[Shehab, Alfred H. M. (01012319)|Alfred Shehab]]
 | 1 interview: [[#Alfred Shehab|American Veterans Center]]
+|-
+| [[Stern, Guy (37413105)|Guy Stern]]
+| 1 interview (2 parts): [[#Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
+|-
+| [[Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)|Ernest Wachtel]]
+| 1 interview: [[#Ernest Wachtel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)|Zekelman Holocaust Center]]
 |-
 | [[Weisgall, Hugo D. (13072714)|Hugo D. Weisgall]]
 | 1 interview: [[#Hugo D. Weisgall|Milken Archive oral history]]
-|-
 |}
@@ Line 177: / Line 197: @@
 === Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner ===
-<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-G9hoHqwaD5g" data-youtube-id="G9hoHqwaD5g" data-heading="Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner" data-short="Veterans Breakfast Club" data-soldiers="Fairbrook, Paul (32709209); Lerner, Maximilian (32908439)">
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-G9hoHqwaD5g" data-youtube-id="G9hoHqwaD5g" data-heading="Paul Fairbrook and Maximilian Lerner" data-short="Veterans Breakfast Club (joint)" data-soldiers="Fairbrook, Paul (32709209); Lerner, Maximilian (32908439)">
 We welcome two Ritchie Boys to the Veterans Breakfast Club: [[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]] and [[Lerner, Maximilian (32908439)|Maximilian Lerner]]. We’re also joined by Beverley Eddy, author of ''Ritchie Boy Secrets'', which tells the story of this now declassified program. Maximilian Lerner immigrated from Vienna to New York in 1941, then enlisted in the US Army and went back to Europe as an American soldier in 1944. He was recruited into the Office of Strategic Services as a special agent for secret missions in Germany. Paul Fairbrook used a valuable stamp collection to make it to the US from Berlin in the late 1930s before being drafted into the Army and trained at Camp Ritchie, Maryland. He also served in Europe overseeing interrogations and review of captured German documents. Beverley Eddy is a historian and author of ''Ritchie Boy Secrets: How a Force of Immigrants and Refugees Helped Win World War II.'' She will guide the conversation with our veterans about this fascinating story.
@@ Line 188: / Line 208: @@
 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9hoHqwaD5g Open on YouTube]
 * ''Video by Veterans Breakfast Club / Paul Fairbrook, Maximilian Lerner & Dr. Beverley Eddy''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Paul Fairbrook (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-nwstO3ARxUI" data-youtube-id="nwstO3ARxUI" data-heading="Paul Fairbrook (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)">
+[[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]] was born Paul Schoenbach in Berlin in 1923. His family left Germany for Palestine in 1933 and reached the United States after a 1937 transit through Amsterdam secured with a stamp collection. Drafted in January 1943, he trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] in [[Class 7]] and worked at Fort Hunt’s P.O. Box 1142 documenting the German Army order of battle. After the war he led food-service programs at the Culinary Institute of America and several universities.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his emigration, Camp Ritchie training, Fort Hunt document work, and postwar career.
+'''Appears:''' [[Fairbrook, Paul (32709209)|Paul Fairbrook]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="nwstO3ARxUI" data-title="Paul Fairbrook (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwstO3ARxUI Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwstO3ARxUI Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=9cdd6950-1786-4b9e-b3b0-d2b85025df94 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 419)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Paul Fairbrook (OHV 419, July 22, 2011)''
 <div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
 </div>
@@ Line 381: / Line 420: @@
 '''Appears:''' [[Potash, Robert A. (31224431)|Robert A. Potash]]
-<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/oral-histories/interviews/woh-fi-0000241/robert-a-potash-2012 Listen / watch on the Yiddish Book Center]</p>
+<div class="ia-embed" data-archive-id="RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter" data-title="Robert A. Potash oral history" data-play-label="Play interview">
+<p class="ia-embed-fallback">[https://archive.org/details/RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter Listen on Internet Archive]</p>
+</div>
 * [https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/oral-histories/interviews/woh-fi-0000241/robert-a-potash-2012 Open on Yiddish Book Center]
+* [https://archive.org/details/RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter Open on Internet Archive]
+* [https://archive.org/download/RobertA.Potash13january2012YiddishBookCenter/Au241-robertPotash-FullInterviewAudioOnly.mp3 Download MP3 (Internet Archive)]
 * ''Oral history by Yiddish Book Center / Robert A. Potash (13 January 2012; interviewer Allie Brudney)''
 <div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
@@ Line 451: / Line 494: @@
 * [https://milken.aviaryplatform.com/r/n872v2d384 Open on Milken Archive Aviary]
 * ''Oral history by Milken Archive of Jewish Music / Hugo Weisgall (31 May 1995)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Gunter Kosse (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-c1Ba0buAA0c" data-youtube-id="c1Ba0buAA0c" data-heading="Gunter Kosse (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Kosse, Gunter (32712417)">
+[[Kosse, Gunter (32712417)|Gunter Kosse]] was born in Berlin in 1922. After Kristallnacht his father fled to Cuba; Gunter and his mother followed in 1939, then the family reached New York in 1940. Drafted in 1943, he trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] ([[Class 9]]) and later served with IPW Team 4 of the 8th Infantry Division. Near war’s end he interpreted at Nuremberg discovery interrogations of Kaltenbrunner, Sauckel, and Frick.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his escape route, Ritchie training, combat interrogations, Nuremberg work, and long Defense Department career.
+'''Appears:''' [[Kosse, Gunter (32712417)|Gunter Kosse]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="c1Ba0buAA0c" data-title="Gunter Kosse (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1Ba0buAA0c Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1Ba0buAA0c Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=0d063378-8950-42c1-9c21-4e80d4ba830f Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 416)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Gunter Kosse (OHV 416, July 22, 2011)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Gerald Lieberman (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-aTIcyZZIBXQ" data-youtube-id="aTIcyZZIBXQ" data-heading="Gerald Lieberman (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)">
+[[Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)|Gerald “Jerry” Lieberman]] (born Gerhard) left Munich after Kristallnacht, when his father Leo was briefly held at Dachau. The family reached the United States via the Dominican Republic. A [[Class 10]] Ritchie Boy, he interrogated with the 3rd Infantry Division from Anzio into southern France, earned a Purple Heart, and later served with the 10th Mountain Division.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his Munich youth, Camp Ritchie training, Mediterranean and European interrogations, and postwar business life.
+'''Appears:''' [[Lieberman, Gerald (32861763)|Gerald Lieberman]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="aTIcyZZIBXQ" data-title="Gerald Lieberman (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTIcyZZIBXQ Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTIcyZZIBXQ Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=0b0e7c90-a9e7-4767-b507-cf4e968ddbb9 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 415)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Gerald Lieberman (OHV 415, July 24, 2011)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Werner E. Michel (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-WtfVEo05stI" data-youtube-id="WtfVEo05stI" data-heading="Werner E. Michel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Michel, Werner E. (01329861)">
+[[Michel, Werner E. (01329861)|Werner E. Michel]] left Landau for St. Louis in 1936 at age twelve; his father later perished at Auschwitz. After Fort Knox and Fort Benning OCS he trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] and commanded IPW Team 270 with the 9th Infantry Division, including Malmedy-related interrogations and undercover CIC work in Bavaria. He later rose to colonel and Defense Intelligence Inspector General.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his immigration, Ritchie training, occupation interrogations, and postwar intelligence career.
+'''Appears:''' [[Michel, Werner E. (01329861)|Werner E. Michel]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="WtfVEo05stI" data-title="Werner E. Michel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtfVEo05stI Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtfVEo05stI Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=651c5835-f6b1-4e81-8dac-d73dd7bac3af Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 414)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Werner E. Michel (OHV 414, July 25, 2011)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Henry Norton (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-SQT8VUiQwwM" data-youtube-id="SQT8VUiQwwM" data-heading="Henry Norton (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Norton, Henry (01183147)">
+[[Norton, Henry (01183147)|Henry Norton]] (born Heinrich Julius Nussenbaum in Bautzen) came alone to Rochester, New York, in 1937. An artillery officer before [[Camp Ritchie]], he interrogated with the 88th Infantry Division in Italy, later served in Fifth and Seventh Army G-2, and helped contact German rocket scientists near war’s end. He received the Bronze Star and afterward practiced law in Miami.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his family’s fate, combat interrogations in Italy and France, and postwar life.
+'''Appears:''' [[Norton, Henry (01183147)|Henry Norton]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="SQT8VUiQwwM" data-title="Henry Norton (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQT8VUiQwwM Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQT8VUiQwwM Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=7b31595b-8ddf-4c7e-9a5e-85122623caa2 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 417)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Henry Norton (OHV 417, July 25, 2011)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Walter Schwarz (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-97EFKeyfgJU" data-youtube-id="97EFKeyfgJU" data-heading="Walter Schwarz (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Schwarz, Walter (31189305)">
+[[Schwarz, Walter (31189305)|Walter Schwarz]] was born in Timișoara, Romania, in 1921 and reached the United States in March 1940. After long training at [[Camp Ritchie]] ([[Class 20]]) he served as a technical sergeant interrogator with Third Army through the Saar, the Battle of the Bulge, and into Czechoslovakia.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his Romanian youth, Ritchie training, European interrogations, and postwar textile career.
+'''Appears:''' [[Schwarz, Walter (31189305)|Walter Schwarz]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="97EFKeyfgJU" data-title="Walter Schwarz (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97EFKeyfgJU Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97EFKeyfgJU Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=c9b7dbbb-8dd7-466f-9403-c8fe6399b41e Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 413)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Walter Schwarz (OHV 413, July 24, 2011)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-gN0Dl4T3RJM" data-youtube-id="gN0Dl4T3RJM" data-heading="Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Stern, Guy (37413105)">
+[[Stern, Guy (37413105)|Guy Stern]] (born Günther Stern in Hildesheim) reached St. Louis in 1937; his parents and siblings were later murdered in the Holocaust. A [[Class 8]] Ritchie Boy and master sergeant, he interrogated from Normandy through the Bulge, earned the Bronze Star, and afterward became a German-literature scholar and Holocaust Center leader in Michigan.
+This November 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history (two parts) covers his Hildesheim youth, immigration, wartime intelligence service, and academic career.
+'''Appears:''' [[Stern, Guy (37413105)|Guy Stern]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="gN0Dl4T3RJM" data-title="Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center) (part 1)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0Dl4T3RJM Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="X1P87ezHg_0" data-title="Guy Stern (Zekelman Holocaust Center) (part 2)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1P87ezHg_0 Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gN0Dl4T3RJM Open on YouTube]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1P87ezHg_0 Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=42e71bd5-27f8-4aaf-b402-d0e47d079916 Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 402)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Guy Stern (OHV 402, November 16, 2011)''
+<div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
+</div>
+=== Ernest Wachtel (Zekelman Holocaust Center) ===
+<div class="yt-interview" id="yt-Gb9dKXmmJiM" data-youtube-id="Gb9dKXmmJiM" data-heading="Ernest Wachtel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)" data-short="Zekelman Holocaust Center" data-soldiers="Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)">
+[[Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)|Ernest Wachtel]] left Vienna for France in 1938 and reached New York alone in July 1938; his parents followed to a New Jersey chicken farm beside Camp Kilmer. After University of Kentucky topography training he went to [[Camp Ritchie]] and served with IPW Team 62 of Patton’s Third Army from Omaha Beach into Germany, including aid to Dachau survivors after liberation.
+This July 2011 Zekelman Holocaust Center oral history covers his Vienna escape, Ritchie service, Third Army interrogations, and postwar life.
+'''Appears:''' [[Wachtel, Ernest (32776330)|Ernest Wachtel]]
+<div class="yt-embed" data-youtube-id="Gb9dKXmmJiM" data-title="Ernest Wachtel (Zekelman Holocaust Center)">
+<p class="yt-embed-fallback">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb9dKXmmJiM Watch on YouTube]</p>
+</div>
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb9dKXmmJiM Open on YouTube]
+* [https://5152.sydneyplus.com/argus/final/Portal/Default.aspx?component=AAFG&record=370e404e-16b9-469f-bff7-559f799e945f Open in Zekelman Holocaust Center collections (OHV 418)]
+* [https://holocaustcenter.org/research/oral-history-department/oral-histories-index/ Zekelman Holocaust Center oral-history index]
+* ''Oral history by The Zekelman Holocaust Center / Ernest Wachtel (OHV 418, July 24, 2011)''
 <div class="yt-interview-next"></div>
 </div>