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|surname=Pipes
|surname=Pipes
|first=Richard
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|middle=E.
|middle=Edgar
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|death_year=2018
|death_year=2018
|birth_place=Cieszyn, Poland
|birth_place=Cieszyn, Poland
|death_place=Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
|death_place=Cambridge, Massachusetts
|occupation=Historian
|occupation=Historian
|awards=National Humanities Medal
|awards=National Humanities Medal
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Richard Edgar Pipes (July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American historian who specialized in Russian and Soviet history. Pipes was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement.
'''Richard Edgar Pipes''' (11 July 1923 &ndash; 17 May 2018) was a Polish-born American historian of Russia and the Soviet Union and Ritchie Boy who trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] with [[:Category:Class 24|Class 24]]; he taught at Harvard for nearly four decades, led the CIA's 1976 "Team B" review of Soviet intentions, and served on President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council.
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== Biography ==
== Biography ==
Richard Edgar Pipes (July 11, 1923 – May 17, 2018) was an American historian who specialized in Russian and Soviet history. Pipes was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement.
Richard Edgar Pipes was born on 11 July 1923 in Cieszyn, Poland, to an assimilated Jewish family whose name had originally been spelled Piepes. His father, a businessman who had served in the Polish Legions in World War I, co-owned the Dea chocolate factory in Cieszyn before moving the family to Warsaw in 1929. Pipes later said that as a boy he never thought about the Soviet Union; his cultural influences were Polish and German. At sixteen he saw Adolf Hitler on Marszałkowska Street during Hitler's victory tour of occupied Warsaw. The family fled Poland in October 1939 and, after seven months in Italy, reached the United States in July 1940.


At Harvard University, Pipes taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs. In 1976, he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes is the father of American historian Daniel Pipes.
Pipes entered the Army as a private at Akron, Ohio, on 17 February 1943 (ASN 35603328) and became a naturalized citizen that year while serving in the Army Air Forces. He studied at Muskingum College and Cornell University, and in October 1944 he was sent to Camp Ritchie for training in psychological warfare, graduating as a private first class with [[:Category:Class 24|Class 24]] (section 7B, certificate 9576); he served overseas. After the war he completed his education at Harvard, and in 1946 he married Irene Eugenia Roth; they had two sons, one of whom is the Middle East scholar Daniel Pipes.


Richard Pipes was born in Cieszyn, Poland to an assimilated Jewish family (whose name had originally been spelled "Piepes" in German spelling, which in pronunciation is the same as the Polish spelling "Pipes" His father was a businessman and a Polish legionnaire during World War I. He was a co-owner of the chocolate factory Dea in Cieszyn, before he moved to Warsaw in 1929. During the time Pipes attended the on Michejda Street. By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the Soviet Union; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German.
Pipes taught at Harvard from 1958 until he retired in 1996, directing its Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and becoming Baird Professor of History, later emeritus; his large courses on Imperial Russia and the Russian Revolution were popular, and he supervised more than eighty doctoral students. In 1962 he lectured on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. His books include ''Russia under the Old Regime'' (1974), ''The Russian Revolution'' (1990), and ''Russia under the Bolshevik Regime'' (1994). He argued that Muscovy, lacking any concept of private property, had developed a distinctive "patrimonial" autocracy that set Russia apart from the West and left it open to revolution in 1917; he was sharply critical of the late imperial radical intelligentsia, portrayed the October Revolution as a coup by a small group of intellectuals rather than a popular uprising, and regarded the Soviet Union as an expansionist totalitarian state. He wrote often for ''Commentary'', ''The New York Times'', and ''The Times Literary Supplement'' and was a frequent press commentator on Soviet affairs.


Aged sixteen, Pipes saw Adolf Hitler at Marszałkowska Street in Warsaw during Hitler's victory tour after the Invasion of Poland. The Pipes family fled occupied Poland in October 1939 and arrived in the United States in July 1940, after seven months passing through Italy.
Pipes was a senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978, advised Senator Henry M. Jackson in the 1970s, and was a leading critic of détente. In 1976 he headed Team B, a group of outside experts and retired officers approved by CIA director George H. W. Bush as a competitive analysis exercise pressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board; it concluded that the CIA's National Intelligence Estimate underestimated Soviet military strength and ambition and misread Soviet strategic intentions. Critics, including the journalist Fred Kaplan, later judged Team B wrong on nearly every point, and one CIA official called it a "kangaroo court", though Pipes maintained that it had shown Soviet strategy differed from the American doctrine of mutual assured destruction and led to more realistic estimates. He was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 to 1992 and of the Council on Foreign Relations, and lectured at two Bilderberg meetings. In 1981–1982 he served on the National Security Council as director of East European and Soviet affairs under President Reagan and headed its Nationalities Working Group. In March 1981 an off-the-record remark to Reuters that Soviet leaders must choose between reforming their system and war, and that détente was dead, was traced to him; the White House and the State Department publicly repudiated the comments, which also questioned West German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher's resistance to Soviet pressure, and briefly endangered his post.


Pipes became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943 while serving in the United States Army Air Corps. He was educated at Muskingum College, Cornell University, and Harvard University. In October 1944, Pipes was sent to Camp Ritchie, Maryland, to receive training in psychological warfare.
In 1992 Pipes testified as an expert witness at the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He received a National Humanities Medal in 2007. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 17 May 2018, at the age of 94.
 
Pipes taught at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1996. He was the director of Harvard's Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and later Baird Professor Emeritus of History at Harvard University. In 1962 he delivered a series of lectures on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. He acted as senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978. During the 1970s, he was an advisor to Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson. In 1981 and 1982 he served as a member of the National Security Council, holding the post of Director of East European and Soviet Affairs under President Ronald Reagan. He also became head of the Nationalities Working Group. Pipes was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 until 1992 and belonged to the Council of Foreign Relations. He also attended two Bilderberg Meetings, at both of which he lectured.
 
Pipes was head of the 1976 Team B, composed of civilian experts and retired military officers and agreed to by then-CIA director George H. W. Bush at the urging of the president's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) as a competitive analysis exercise. And misinterpreted Soviet strategic intentions.
 
Team B faced criticism. The international relations journalist Fred Kaplan writes that Team B "turns out to have been wrong on nearly every point." Pipes's group insisted that the Soviet Union, as of 1976, maintained "a large and expanding Gross National Product," and argued that the CIA belief that economic chaos hindered the USSR's defenses was a ruse on the part of the USSR. One CIA employee called Team B "a kangaroo court".
 
According to Pipes, "Team B was appointed to look at the evidence and to see if we could conclude that the actual Soviet strategy is different from ours, i.e. The strategy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD). It has now been demonstrated totally that it was". In 1986, Pipes maintained that Team B contributed to creating more realistic defense estimates.
 
In what was meant to be an "off-the-record" interview, Pipes told Reuters in March 1981 that "Soviet leaders would have to choose between peacefully changing their Communist system in the direction followed by the West or going to war. There is no other alternative and it could go either wayDétente is dead." Pipes also stated in the interview that Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher of West Germany was susceptible to pressure from the Russians. It was learned independently that Pipes was the official who spoke to Reuters. This potentially jeopardized Pipes' job. The White House and the "incensed" State Department issued statements repudiating Pipes' comments.
 
Pipes wrote many books on Russian history, including Russia under the Old Regime (1974), The Russian Revolution (1990), and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (1994), and was a frequent interviewee in the press on the matters of Soviet history and foreign affairs. His writings also appear in Commentary, The New York Times, and The Times Literary Supplement. At Harvard, he taught large courses on Imperial Russia as well as the Russian Revolution and guided over 80 graduate students to their PhDs.
 
Pipes is known for arguing that the origins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by 15th-century Muscovy, in a Russian version of the Sonderweg thesis. In Pipes' opinion, Muscovy differed from every other State in Europe in that it had no concept of private property, and that everything was regarded as the property of the Grand Duke/Tsar. In Pipes' view, this separate path undertaken by Russia (possibly under Mongol influence) ensured that Russia would be an autocratic state with values fundamentally dissimilar from those of Western civilization. Pipes argued that this "patrimonialism" of Imperial Russia started to break down when Russian leaders attempted to modernize in the 19th century, without seeking to change the basic "patrimonial" structure of Russian society. In Pipes's opinion, this separate course undertaken by Russia over the centuries made Russia uniquely open to revolution in 1917. Pipes strongly criticized the values of the radical intelligentsia of late Imperial Russia for what he sees as their fanaticism and inability to accept reality. Pipes stressed that the Soviet Union was an expansionist, totalitarian state bent on world conquest. He is also known for the thesis that, contrary to many traditional histories of the Soviet Union at the time, the October Revolution was, rather than a popular general uprising, a coup under false slogans foisted upon the majority of the Russians by a tiny segment of the population driven by a select group of radical intellectuals, who subsequently established a one-party dictatorship that was intolerant and repressive from the start.
 
In 1992, Pipes served as an expert witness in the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
 
Pipes married Irene Eugenia Roth in 1946; the couple had two children, Daniel and Steven. Their son Daniel Pipes is a scholar of Middle Eastern affairs.
 
Pipes died in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 17, 2018, at the age of 94.
 
== Research notes ==
* Russian scholar
* see Wiki


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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== Timeline ==
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* 11 July 1923 — Born in Cieszyn, Poland.
* 1929 — Family moved to Warsaw.
* October 1939 — Family fled occupied Poland.
* July 1940 — Arrived in the United States.
* 1943 — Became a naturalized U.S. citizen.
* 17 February 1943 — Entered the Army as Pvt at Akron, Ohio (ASN 35603328).
* October 1944 — Sent to Camp Ritchie; graduated (as Pfc) with Class 24, section 7B. Certificate # 9576.
* 1946 — Married Irene Eugenia Roth.
* 1958–1996 — Taught at Harvard University.
* 1976 — Headed Team B.
* 1981–1982 — National Security Council, director of East European and Soviet affairs.
* 2007 — National Humanities Medal.
* 17 May 2018 — Died in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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== Technical record ==
== Technical record ==
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== Research notes ==
* Russian scholar
* see Wiki


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
Retrieved from "https://ritchieboys.org/wiki/Pipes,_Richard_Edgar_(35603328)"