Pipes, Richard Edgar (35603328): Difference between revisions

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|surname=Pipes

|first=Richard

|middle=E.

|middle=Edgar

|class_section=7B

|class_rank=Pfc

|birth_year=1923

|nativity=Po

|nativity=Poland

|religion=J

|religion=Jewish

|enlistment_place=AKRON OHIO

|state=HAWAII

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|class_number=24

|class_display=24

|birth_date=11 July 1923

|death_date=17 May 2018

|death_year=2018

|birth_place=Cieszyn, Poland

|death_place=Cambridge, Massachusetts

|occupation=Historian

|awards=National Humanities Medal

|alias=Richard Edgar Pipes

|photo=Wikipedia_Richard_Pipes_2004_cropped.jpg

|known_for=Historian

}}

'''Richard E. Pipes''' (~~born~~ 1923) was a ~~United States Army Private First Class~~ who trained at [[Camp Ritchie]]~~, Maryland, in~~ [[Class 24]]~~. Richard enlisted~~ at ~~Akron~~, ~~Ohio~~.

'''Richard Edgar Pipes''' (11 July 1923 – 17 May 2018) was a Polish-born American historian of Russia and the Soviet Union and Ritchie Boy who trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] with [[:Category:Class 24|Class 24]]; he taught at Harvard for nearly four decades, led the CIA's 1976 "Team B" review of Soviet intentions, and served on President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council.

</div>

== Biography ==

~~''Add~~ a ~~biography~~, family ~~details, and sources~~. ~~Click Edit to change this page~~; ~~no account is required~~.''

Richard Edgar Pipes was born on 11 July 1923 in Cieszyn, Poland, to an assimilated Jewish family whose name had originally been spelled Piepes. His father, a businessman who had served in the Polish Legions in World War I, co-owned the Dea chocolate factory in Cieszyn before moving the family to Warsaw in 1929. Pipes later said that as a boy he never thought about the Soviet Union; his cultural influences were Polish and German. At sixteen he saw Adolf Hitler on Marszałkowska Street during Hitler's victory tour of occupied Warsaw. The family fled Poland in October 1939 and, after seven months in Italy, reached the United States in July 1940.

== Research ~~notes ==~~

Pipes entered the Army as a private at Akron, Ohio, on 17 February 1943 (ASN 35603328) and became a naturalized citizen that year while serving in the Army Air Forces. He studied at Muskingum College and Cornell University, and in October 1944 he was sent to Camp Ritchie for training in psychological warfare, graduating as a private first class with [[:Category:Class 24|Class 24]] (section 7B, certificate 9576); he served overseas. After the war he completed his education at Harvard, and in 1946 he married Irene Eugenia Roth; they had two sons, one of whom is the Middle East scholar Daniel Pipes.

* Russian ~~scholar~~; ~~see Wiki~~

* 7/11/1923-A

Pipes taught at Harvard from 1958 until he retired in 1996, directing its Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and becoming Baird Professor of History, later emeritus; his large courses on Imperial Russia and the Russian Revolution were popular, and he supervised more than eighty doctoral students. In 1962 he lectured on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. His books include ''Russia under the Old Regime'' (1974), ''The Russian Revolution'' (1990), and ''Russia under the Bolshevik Regime'' (1994). He argued that Muscovy, lacking any concept of private property, had developed a distinctive "patrimonial" autocracy that set Russia apart from the West and left it open to revolution in 1917; he was sharply critical of the late imperial radical intelligentsia, portrayed the October Revolution as a coup by a small group of intellectuals rather than a popular uprising, and regarded the Soviet Union as an expansionist totalitarian state. He wrote often for ''Commentary'', ''The New York Times'', and ''The Times Literary Supplement'' and was a frequent press commentator on Soviet affairs.

* Civil Life

Pipes was a senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978, advised Senator Henry M. Jackson in the 1970s, and was a leading critic of détente. In 1976 he headed Team B, a group of outside experts and retired officers approved by CIA director George H. W. Bush as a competitive analysis exercise pressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board; it concluded that the CIA's National Intelligence Estimate underestimated Soviet military strength and ambition and misread Soviet strategic intentions. Critics, including the journalist Fred Kaplan, later judged Team B wrong on nearly every point, and one CIA official called it a "kangaroo court", though Pipes maintained that it had shown Soviet strategy differed from the American doctrine of mutual assured destruction and led to more realistic estimates. He was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 to 1992 and of the Council on Foreign Relations, and lectured at two Bilderberg meetings. In 1981–1982 he served on the National Security Council as director of East European and Soviet affairs under President Reagan and headed its Nationalities Working Group. In March 1981 an off-the-record remark to Reuters that Soviet leaders must choose between reforming their system and war, and that détente was dead, was traced to him; the White House and the State Department publicly repudiated the comments, which also questioned West German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher's resistance to Soviet pressure, and briefly endangered his post.

In 1992 Pipes testified as an expert witness at the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He received a National Humanities Medal in 2007. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 17 May 2018, at the age of 94.

== Gallery ==

''After you are autoconfirmed, [[Special:Upload|upload a photo]] and add <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|caption]]</nowiki></code> here, or set <code>|photo=Example.jpg</code> in the infobox.''

== Timeline ==

* 11 July 1923 — Born in Cieszyn, Poland.

* 1929 — Family moved to Warsaw.

* October 1939 — Family fled occupied Poland.

* July 1940 — Arrived in the United States.

* 1943 — Became a naturalized U.S. citizen.

* 17 February 1943 — Entered the Army as Pvt at Akron, Ohio (ASN 35603328).

* October 1944 — Sent to Camp Ritchie; graduated (as Pfc) with Class 24, section 7B. Certificate # 9576.

* 1946 — Married Irene Eugenia Roth.

* 1958–1996 — Taught at Harvard University.

* 1976 — Headed Team B.

* 1981–1982 — National Security Council, director of East European and Soviet affairs.

* 2007 — National Humanities Medal.

* 17 May 2018 — Died in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

</div>

</div><div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Technical record ==

Line 97:

Line 129:

| row_source || both

|}

== Research notes ==

* Russian scholar

* see Wiki

== Sources ==

* Camp Ritchie ~~class roster~~ (~~classes~~ 1–31), ~~merged~~ research ~~file~~

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes Wikipedia: Richard Pipes]

* Camp Ritchie Museum, Inc. (The Ritchie History Museum), Classes 1–31 roster data

* Dan Gross research spreadsheets, including original Excel timeline/roster work, combined with other research and records

* NARA World War II Army enlistment records (where a NARA ASN is present)

* 1940 U.S. Census (where a census match is present)

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |surname=Pipes
 |first=Richard
-|middle=E.
+|middle=Edgar
 |class_section=7B
 |class_rank=Pfc
 |birth_year=1923
-|nativity=Po
+|nativity=Poland
-|religion=J
+|religion=Jewish
 |enlistment_place=AKRON OHIO
 |state=HAWAII
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |class_number=24
 |class_display=24
+|birth_date=11 July 1923
+|death_date=17 May 2018
+|death_year=2018
+|birth_place=Cieszyn, Poland
+|death_place=Cambridge, Massachusetts
+|occupation=Historian
+|awards=National Humanities Medal
+|alias=Richard Edgar Pipes
+|photo=Wikipedia_Richard_Pipes_2004_cropped.jpg
+|known_for=Historian
 }}
 <div class="soldier-lead">
-'''Richard E. Pipes''' (born 1923) was a United States Army Private First Class who trained at [[Camp Ritchie]], Maryland, in [[Class 24]]. Richard enlisted at Akron, Ohio.
+'''Richard Edgar Pipes''' (11 July 1923 &ndash; 17 May 2018) was a Polish-born American historian of Russia and the Soviet Union and Ritchie Boy who trained at [[Camp Ritchie]] with [[:Category:Class 24|Class 24]]; he taught at Harvard for nearly four decades, led the CIA's 1976 "Team B" review of Soviet intentions, and served on President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council.
 </div>
 == Biography ==
-''Add a biography, family details, and sources. Click Edit to change this page; no account is required.''
+Richard Edgar Pipes was born on 11 July 1923 in Cieszyn, Poland, to an assimilated Jewish family whose name had originally been spelled Piepes. His father, a businessman who had served in the Polish Legions in World War I, co-owned the Dea chocolate factory in Cieszyn before moving the family to Warsaw in 1929. Pipes later said that as a boy he never thought about the Soviet Union; his cultural influences were Polish and German. At sixteen he saw Adolf Hitler on Marszałkowska Street during Hitler's victory tour of occupied Warsaw. The family fled Poland in October 1939 and, after seven months in Italy, reached the United States in July 1940.
-== Research notes ==
+Pipes entered the Army as a private at Akron, Ohio, on 17 February 1943 (ASN 35603328) and became a naturalized citizen that year while serving in the Army Air Forces. He studied at Muskingum College and Cornell University, and in October 1944 he was sent to Camp Ritchie for training in psychological warfare, graduating as a private first class with [[:Category:Class 24|Class 24]] (section 7B, certificate 9576); he served overseas. After the war he completed his education at Harvard, and in 1946 he married Irene Eugenia Roth; they had two sons, one of whom is the Middle East scholar Daniel Pipes.
-* Russian scholar; see Wiki
-* 7/11/1923-A
+Pipes taught at Harvard from 1958 until he retired in 1996, directing its Russian Research Center from 1968 to 1973 and becoming Baird Professor of History, later emeritus; his large courses on Imperial Russia and the Russian Revolution were popular, and he supervised more than eighty doctoral students. In 1962 he lectured on Russian intellectual history at Leningrad State University. His books include ''Russia under the Old Regime'' (1974), ''The Russian Revolution'' (1990), and ''Russia under the Bolshevik Regime'' (1994). He argued that Muscovy, lacking any concept of private property, had developed a distinctive "patrimonial" autocracy that set Russia apart from the West and left it open to revolution in 1917; he was sharply critical of the late imperial radical intelligentsia, portrayed the October Revolution as a coup by a small group of intellectuals rather than a popular uprising, and regarded the Soviet Union as an expansionist totalitarian state. He wrote often for ''Commentary'', ''The New York Times'', and ''The Times Literary Supplement'' and was a frequent press commentator on Soviet affairs.
-* Civil Life
+Pipes was a senior consultant at the Stanford Research Institute from 1973 to 1978, advised Senator Henry M. Jackson in the 1970s, and was a leading critic of détente. In 1976 he headed Team B, a group of outside experts and retired officers approved by CIA director George H. W. Bush as a competitive analysis exercise pressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board; it concluded that the CIA's National Intelligence Estimate underestimated Soviet military strength and ambition and misread Soviet strategic intentions. Critics, including the journalist Fred Kaplan, later judged Team B wrong on nearly every point, and one CIA official called it a "kangaroo court", though Pipes maintained that it had shown Soviet strategy differed from the American doctrine of mutual assured destruction and led to more realistic estimates. He was a member of the Committee on the Present Danger from 1977 to 1992 and of the Council on Foreign Relations, and lectured at two Bilderberg meetings. In 1981–1982 he served on the National Security Council as director of East European and Soviet affairs under President Reagan and headed its Nationalities Working Group. In March 1981 an off-the-record remark to Reuters that Soviet leaders must choose between reforming their system and war, and that détente was dead, was traced to him; the White House and the State Department publicly repudiated the comments, which also questioned West German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher's resistance to Soviet pressure, and briefly endangered his post.
+In 1992 Pipes testified as an expert witness at the Constitutional Court of Russia's trial of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He received a National Humanities Medal in 2007. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 17 May 2018, at the age of 94.
 == Gallery ==
 ''After you are autoconfirmed, [[Special:Upload|upload a photo]] and add <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|caption]]</nowiki></code> here, or set <code>|photo=Example.jpg</code> in the infobox.''
+== Timeline ==
+<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed soldier-timeline">
+<div class="soldier-timeline-body">
+* 11 July 1923 — Born in Cieszyn, Poland.
+* 1929 — Family moved to Warsaw.
+* October 1939 — Family fled occupied Poland.
+* July 1940 — Arrived in the United States.
+* 1943 — Became a naturalized U.S. citizen.
+* 17 February 1943 — Entered the Army as Pvt at Akron, Ohio (ASN 35603328).
+* October 1944 — Sent to Camp Ritchie; graduated (as Pfc) with Class 24, section 7B. Certificate # 9576.
+* 1946 — Married Irene Eugenia Roth.
+* 1958–1996 — Taught at Harvard University.
+* 1976 — Headed Team B.
+* 1981–1982 — National Security Council, director of East European and Soviet affairs.
+* 2007 — National Humanities Medal.
+* 17 May 2018 — Died in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+</div>
+</div><div style="clear: both;"></div>
 == Technical record ==
@@ Line 97: / Line 129: @@
 | row_source || both
 |}
+== Research notes ==
+* Russian scholar
+* see Wiki
 == Sources ==
-* Camp Ritchie class roster (classes 1–31), merged research file
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Pipes Wikipedia: Richard Pipes]
+* Camp Ritchie Museum, Inc. (The Ritchie History Museum), Classes 1–31 roster data
+* Dan Gross research spreadsheets, including original Excel timeline/roster work, combined with other research and records
 * NARA World War II Army enlistment records (where a NARA ASN is present)
 * 1940 U.S. Census (where a census match is present)