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== Biography ==
== Biography ==
George T. Czuczka was born Georg Thomas Czuczka on 3 July 1925 in Vienna, Austria, into a Jewish family. His parents were Viennese socialists; his father Fritz was an architect and First World War veteran, and his mother worked with Quaker relief. The family lived in the Karl-Marx-Hof in Heiligenstadt. As a boy he witnessed the February 1934 shelling of the complex and later helped his parents’ underground socialist network, including delivering the illegal ''Rote Fahne''.
George Thomas Czuczka was born Georg Thomas Czuczka on 3 July 1925 in Vienna, Austria, into a Jewish family. His parents were Viennese socialists; his father Fritz was an architect and First World War veteran, and his mother worked with Quaker relief. The family lived in the Karl-Marx-Hof in Heiligenstadt. As a boy he witnessed the February 1934 shelling of the complex and later helped his parents’ underground socialist network, including delivering the illegal ''Rote Fahne''.


After the Anschluss, George, then a schoolboy, was probably briefly interned, and his father was arrested as a “political Jew” and imprisoned at Dachau and then Buchenwald for nearly a year. George helped his mother assemble papers for the camp administration; she even telephoned Gestapo offices in Berlin, after which his father was released within forty-eight hours. With an American friend’s affidavit, the family left Austria in March 1939 via Zurich and Paris and sailed from Cherbourg to New York in April 1939.
After the Anschluss, George, then a schoolboy, was probably briefly interned, and his father was arrested as a “political Jew” and imprisoned at Dachau and then Buchenwald for nearly a year. George helped his mother assemble papers for the camp administration; she even telephoned Gestapo offices in Berlin, after which his father was released within forty-eight hours. With an American friend’s affidavit, the family left Austria in March 1939 via Zurich and Paris and sailed from Cherbourg to New York in April 1939.